The interaction over time of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (ie, autoimmune
ecology) increases or decreases the liability an individual would have to develop an …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

Induction, production, and release of proinflammatory cytokines are essential steps to
establish an effective host defense. Cytokines of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family induce …

Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving
immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis? J Clin Periodontol 2011; …

The IL-1 family of cytokines encompasses eleven proteins that each share a similar-barrel
structure and bind to Ig-like receptors. Some of the IL-1-like cytokines have been well …

Research into biomarkers of periodontitis is driven by mainly three targets: to identify 'at
risk'patients before periodontal tissue destruction occurs; to determine disease activity and …

Objective Monocytes/macrophages play a key role in mobilizing host defense against
microbial infection. The selectivity of gene expression can turn macrophages into M1-or M2 …

Abstract IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra, collectively called IL-36 cytokines, are part of
the IL-1 family. IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) agonists, while IL …

Abstract Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a novel cytokine involved in inflammation and cancer
development. IL-32 gene consists of eight small exons, and IL-32 mRNA has nine …

The human body is colonized by abundant and diverse microorganisms, collectively known
as the microbiome. The oral cavity has more than 700 species of bacteria and consists of …