Multiple cytokines play a role in the orchestration of inflammation in inflammatory airway
diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, through the recruitment, activation …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis
and physiology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as coronary heart disease …

Smoking-induced lung diseases were extremely rare prior to the 20th century. With
commercialization and introduction of machine-made cigarettes, worldwide use skyrocketed …

Cells at the site of an infection experience numerous biochemical signals that vary in
amplitude, space, and time. Despite the diversity of dynamic signals produced by pathogens …

Macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the respiratory tract, and they can have
strikingly different phenotypes within this environment. Our knowledge of the different …

The increasing number of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) represents a major and increasing health problem. Therefore, novel therapeutic …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts a variety of effects, such as
growth promotion, growth inhibition, angiogenesis, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Xanthium strumarium L. fruit (Xanthiu fruit) has been
traditionally used as a medicinal herb in China for the treatment of many ailments including …

Background Because TNF-α is increased in severe asthma, we hypothesized that TNF-α
contributes to barrier dysfunction and cell activation in bronchial epithelial cells. We further …

Endometrial glands are necessary for conceptus implantation and growth. In the ovine
uterine gland knockout (UGKO) model, blastocysts hatch normally but fail to survive or …