Conservation biologists assign population distinctiveness by classifying populations as
evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). Historically, this classification has included ecological …

Intraspecific gene evolution cannot always be represented by a bifurcating tree. Rather,
population genealogies are often multifurcated, descendant genes coexist with persistent …

Phylogenies are extremely useful tools, not only for establishing genealogical relationships
among a group of organisms or their parts (eg genes), but also for a variety of research once …

Phylogeography is a discipline concerned with various relationships between gene
genealogies—phylogenetics—and geography. The word “phylogeography” was coined in …

This paper considers the problem of testing a container class or other modestly-complex API-
based software system. Past experimental evaluations have shown that for many such …

An accurately resolved gene tree may not be congruent with the species tree because of
lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. DNA sequences from the mitochondrially …

Abstract Analysis of variation in the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has
emerged as an important tool for studying human evolution and migration. However …

The use of comparative methods to test evolutionary hypotheses has become more common
at both the macro-and microevolutionary levels. The application of such techniques is …

Outbreaks of emerging coronaviruses in the past two decades and the current pandemic of a
novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China highlight the importance of this viral …

Nonrandom associations of alleles or haplotypes with geographical location can arise from
restricted gene flow, historical events (fragmentation, range expansion, colonization), or any …