Recent years have seen a surge in research comparing bilinguals to monolinguals, yet
synthesizing this literature is complicated by the diversity of language and social …

Several researchers have suggested that learning and using a second language requires
domain-general executive functions, and many have shown that bilinguals outperform …

Two studies are reported in which younger and older monolingual and bilingual adults
performed executive function tasks. In Study 1, 130 participants performed a Stroop task and …

The verbal fluency task is a widely used neuropsychological test of word retrieval efficiency.
Both category fluency (eg, list animals) and letter fluency (eg, list words that begin with F) …

While research on bilingual language processing is sensitive to different usage contexts,
monolinguals are still often treated as a homogeneous control group, despite frequently …

Research has shown that bilinguals can perform similarly, better or poorly on verbal fluency
task compared to monolinguals. Verbal fluency data for semantic (animals, fruits and …

The role of early bilingual experience in the development of skills in the general cognitive
and linguistic domains remains poorly understood. This study investigated the link between …

Whether bilingualism affects executive functions is a topic of intense debate. While some
studies have provided evidence of enhanced executive functions in bilinguals compared to …

A better understanding and more reliable classification of bilinguals has been progressively
achieved through the fine-tuning methodology and simultaneously optimizing the …

Background While cognitive deficits in memory and processing speed have been well-
documented in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), language is largely considered to be …