Heavy metals (HMs) have become a significant concern in the current era, with deleterious
effects on diverse living organisms when exposed beyond threshold concentrations. Both …

Biomonitoring in raptors can be used to study long-term and large-scale changes in
environmental pollution. In Europe, such monitoring is needed to assess environmental risks …

Lead contamination is a widely recognised conservation problem for raptors worldwide.
There are a number of studies in individual raptor species but those data have not been …

Lead poisoning is an important global conservation problem for many species of wildlife,
especially raptors. Despite the increasing number of individual studies and regional reviews …

Poisoning caused by ingestion of spent lead (Pb) ammunition in food items is a common
cause of death of raptors. However, there has been no previous attempt to assess the impact …

Each year, hunters from 12 of the 27 European Union (EU) countries and the UK shoot over
6 million large game mammals, 12 million rabbits and hares and over 80 million birds. They …

The ingestion of lead (Pb) ammunition is the most important exposure pathway to this metal
in birds and involve negative consequences to their health. We have performed a passive …

Vultures and condors (hereafter vultures) make up one the most threatened avian guilds in
the world due to a variety of human-mediated impacts and disturbances. In fact, 70% of …

Raptors are emblematic of the global biodiversity crisis because one out of five species are
threatened with extinction and over half have declining populations due to human threats …

Lead poisoning from spent ammunition is known to affect many avian species. Birds of prey
ingest lead when feeding on game shot with lead gunshot or bullets. Raptors with …