Active matter extracts energy from its surroundings at the single particle level and transforms
it into mechanical work. Examples include cytoskeleton biopolymers and bacterial …

The fascinating patterns of collective motion created by autonomously driven particles have
fuelled active-matter research for over two decades. So far, theoretical active-matter …

Various types of structures self-organised by animals exist in nature, such as bird flocks and
insect swarms, which stem from the local communications of vast numbers of limited …

Animal morphogenesis arises from the complex interplay between multiple mechanical and
biochemical processes with mutual feedback. Develo** an effective, coarse-grained …

Surface-attached bacterial biofilms are self-replicating active liquid crystals and the
dominant form of bacterial life on Earth,,–. In conventional liquid crystals and solid-state …

How do growing bacterial colonies get their shapes? While colony morphogenesis is well
studied in two dimensions, many bacteria grow as large colonies in three-dimensional (3D) …

Bacteria residing within biofilm communities can coordinate their behavior through cell-to-
cell signaling. However, it remains unclear if these signals can also influence the behavior of …

Epithelial tissues (epithelia) remove excess cells through extrusion, preventing the
accumulation of unnecessary or pathological cells. The extrusion process can be triggered …

Concentrated suspensions of swimming microorganisms and other forms of active matter
are known to display complex, self-organized spatiotemporal patterns on scales that are …

How a single bacterium becomes a colony of many thousand cells is important in
biomedicine and food safety. Much is known about the molecular and genetic bases of this …