The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Light enables vision and exerts widespread effects on physiology and behavior, including
regulating circadian rhythms, sleep, hormone synthesis, affective state, and cognitive …

Introduction: The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is recognized as a
critical player in migraine pathophysiology. Excitement has grown regarding CGRP because …

Photophobia, an abnormal intolerance to light, is associated with a number of ophthalmic
and neurologic conditions. In the presence of normal neurologic and ophthalmologic …

Objective To review clinical and pre-clinical evidence supporting the role of visual pathways,
from the eye to the cortex, in the development of photophobia in headache disorders …

Comparative studies have greatly contributed to our understanding of the organization and
function of visual pathways of the brain, including that of humans. This comparative …

It is now a decade since the first published reports that a small proportion of mammalian
retinal ganglion cells are directly photoresponsive. These cells have been termed …

Photophobia is one of the most common symptoms in migraine, and the underlying
mechanism is uncertain. The discovery of the intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion …

Background Photophobia is a potentially debilitating symptom often found in dry eye
disease (DE), migraine and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods We conducted a review of …

Key points The lateral posterior and posterior thalamic nuclei have been implicated in
aspects of visually guided behaviour and reflex responses to light, including those …