The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

This article is based on a consensus conference, which took place in Certosa di Pontignano,
Siena (Italy) on March 7–9, 2008, intended to update the previous safety guidelines for the …

Brain stimulation methods are indispensable to the study of brain function. They have also
proven effective for treating some neurological disorders. Historically used for medical …

Noninvasive brain stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial
direct current stimulation (tDCS) is valuable in research and has potential therapeutic …

Brain plasticity can be conceptualized as nature's invention to overcome limitations of the
genome and adapt to a rapidly changing environment. As such, plasticity is an intrinsic …

The corticospinal tract (CST) is a major descending pathway contributing to the control of
voluntary movement in mammals. During the last decades anatomical and …

Animal studies have shown that descending pathways from the frontal cortex modulate
dopamine (DA) release in the striatum. This modulation is thought to be relevant to the …

Purpose Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive method to
excite neurons in the brain. However, the underlying mechanism of its therapeutic effects in …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly utilized in clinical neurology and
neuroscience. However, detailed knowledge of the impact and specificity of the effects of …

OBJECTIVES: To approximate methods for human transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
in rats, we tested whether lateralized cortical stimulation resulting in selective activation of …