Subduction zones are pivotal for the recycling of Earth's outer layer into its interior. However,
the conditions under which new subduction zones initiate are enigmatic. Here, we …

Hydrofractures, or hydraulic fractures, are fractures where a significantly elevated fluid
pressure played a role in their formation. Natural hydrofractures are abundant in rocks and …

Presented here are self‐consistent, three‐dimensional simulations of mantle convection,
some of which display an approximation of plate tectonic behavior that is continuous in …

Subduction is a major process of plate tectonics; however, its initiation is not understood. We
used high-resolution (less than 1 kilometer) finite-element models based on rheological data …

In the last decade, significant progress has been made toward understanding how plate
tectonics is generated from mantle dynamics. A primary goal of plate-generation studies has …

We present seismic images of the upper mantle below the Quaternary Eifel volcanic fields,
Germany, determined by teleseismic travel time tomography. The data were measured at a …

The feedback between fluid migration and rock deformation in mid-crustal shear zones is
acknowledged as being critical for earthquake nucleation, the initiation of subduction zones …

The volcanism of the Eifel volcanic field (EVF), in west-central Germany, is often considered
an example of hotspot volcanism given its geochemical signature and the putative mantle …

Despite the fundamental importance of plates in the Earth's mantle convection, plates have
not generally been included in numerical convection models or analog laboratory …

In a previous paper [Tackley, 2000b] it was shown that a combination of temperature‐
dependent viscosity and viscoplastic yielding is sufficient to give rudimentary plate tectonic …