Vertebrates exhibit striking left–right (L–R) asymmetries in the structure and position of the
internal organs. Symmetry is broken by motile cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flow …

Morphological asymmetry is a common feature of animal body plans, from shell coiling in
snails to organ placement in humans. The signaling protein Nodal is key for determining this …

Cilia and flagella are highly conserved organelles that have diverse roles in cell motility and
sensing extracellular signals. Motility defects in cilia and flagella often result in primary …

The left-right (LR) asymmetry of visceral organs is fundamental to their function and position
within the body. Over the past decade or so, the molecular mechanisms underlying the …

Vertebrate laterality, which is manifested by asymmetrically placed organs [1], depends on
asymmetric activation of the Nodal signaling cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm [2]. In …

The internal organs of vertebrates show distinctive left-right asymmetry. Leftward
extracellular fluid flow at the node (nodal flow), which is generated by the rotational …

It is widely acknowledged that the left and right hemispheres of human brains display both
anatomical and functional asymmetries. For more than a century, brain and behavioral …

The importance of cilia in embryonic development and adult physiology is emphasized by
human ciliopathies. Despite its relevance, molecular signalling pathways behind cilia …

Asymmetric development of the vertebrate embryo has fascinated embryologists for over a
century. Much has been learned since the asymmetric Nodal signaling cascade in the left …

Internal organs are asymmetrically positioned inside the body. Embryonic motile cilia play
an essential role in this process by generating a directional fluid flow inside the vertebrate …