At the heart of policing is a tension. On the one hand, police in liberal democratic societies
are custodians of the state's monopoly of legitimate force. On the other, they wield that …

The social construction of crime is often out of proportion to the threat posed. The media and
advocacy groups shine a spotlight on some crimes and ignore others. Street crime is …

Policing in America, Ninth Edition, provides a thorough analysis of the key issues in policing
today, and offers an issues-oriented discussion focusing on critical concerns such as …

Purpose Promote the use of multilevel modeling to refine theories of police discretion.
Specifically, examine the simultaneous influence of situational factors, responding officers …

Traditional police culture (TPC) is a set of attitudes and values, developed as co**
mechanisms for police work's unique and inherent strains, that fosters distrust toward, and …

Since the 1960s, one of the major reform efforts in law enforcement has been to increase the
number of Black Americans within police agencies and on patrol in the streets. The general …

Abstract CRIME, CRIMINALITY, AND CRIMINOLOGY CAN NOT BE UNDERSTOOD
WITHOUT GIVING ATTENTION TO THE IDEAS, ACTIONS, AND EVENTS OF THE PAST …

A growing body of evidence indicates that local police departments are being used to
provide revenue for municipalities by imposing and collecting fees, fines, and asset …

In this paper, we examine use-of-force incidents as neighborhood processes to understand
how rates and levels of use-of-force vary across New York City. We suggest that there are …

While a considerable number of studies had been conducted to examine the effects of
various variables on police behavior, very few studies had simultaneously analyzed factors …