Evolutionary and comparative approaches can yield novel insights into human adaptation
and disease. Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) each affect up to 10% of …

We provide the first analysis and synthesis of the evolutionary and mechanistic bases for risk
of endometriosis in humans, structured around Niko Tinbergen's four questions about …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects~ 7% of reproductive age women. Although its
etiology is unknown, in animals, excess prenatal testosterone (T) exposure induces PCOS …

Prenatal stress is known to alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and more
recent evidence suggests that it may also affect androgen activity. In animal models …

Although most mammals grow up in the company of same or different age sibs (or half sibs),
surprisingly little attention has been given to how relations among them might influence the …

Introduction Mammalian reproductive and somatic development is regulated by steroid
hormones, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Based largely on …

In the case of some mammalian species, females with larger anogenital distance (AGD)
have smaller litters, where the sex ratio is male-biased. The first aim of the present study was …

In mammals, body mass at birth is an important predictor of early postnatal growth and
survival. Within litters, heavier young are more successful in competing for limited resources …

Background The development of ethologically meaningful test paradigms in young animals
is an essential step in the study of the ontogeny of animal personality. Here we explore the …

Many aspects of an animal's early life potentially contribute to long-term individual
differences in physiology and behaviour. From several studies on birds and mammals it is …