T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of
immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells are the specialized providers of …

Vaccines represent one of the greatest triumphs of modern medicine. Despite the common
origins of vaccinology and immunology more than 200 years ago, the two disciplines have …

Crosstalk between neighboring cells underlies many biological processes, including cell
signaling, proliferation and differentiation. Current single-cell genomic technologies profile …

Differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into functionally distinct T helper (TH) subsets is crucial
for the orchestration of immune responses. Because of extensive heterogeneity and multiple …

The nature of follicular helper CD4+ T (Tfh) cell differentiation remains controversial,
including the minimal signals required for Tfh cell differentiation and the time at which Tfh …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an indispensable role in maintaining immunological
unresponsiveness to self-antigens and in suppressing excessive immune responses …

Abstract Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory molecule expressed on activated T
cells; however, the biological context in which PD-1 controls T cell tolerance remains …

OX40 (CD134) and its binding partner, OX40L (CD252), are members of the tumor necrosis
factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor superfamily and are expressed on activated CD4+ and …

The presentation of self-peptide–MHC complexes in the periphery to potentially autoreactive
T cells that have escaped negative selection in the thymus poses an important problem to …

Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) is a surface receptor critical for the regulation of T cell function
during immunity and tolerance. PD‐1 interactions with its ligands PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 inhibit T …