G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) compose one of the largest families of membrane
proteins involved in intracellular signaling. They are involved in numerous physiological and …

Opium is one of the world's oldest drugs, and its derivatives morphine and codeine are
among the most used clinical drugs to relieve severe pain. These prototypical opioids …

The word somatosensation comes from joining the Greek word for body (soma) with a word
for perception (sensation). Somatosensory neurons comprise the largest sensory system in …

Cellular interactions between delta and mu opioid receptors (DORs and MORs), including
heteromerization, are thought to regulate opioid analgesia. However, the identity of the …

Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and
dopaminergic neurotransmission. In the present essay we first review the extensive …

Objectives: We aimed to examine the published literature on basic science explaining
pronociceptive opioid actions, and apply this knowledge to clinical observation. Methods …

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been placed in the anti-cancer spotlight in the last
decade. The immense data load published on its dual role in both tumorigenesis and …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the major class of sensory proteins and a primary
therapeutic target in the pathways to pain and itch. GPCRs are complex signaling machines …

Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), G proteins and adenylyl cyclase (AC) comprise one
of the most studied transmembrane cell signaling pathways. However, it is unknown whether …