Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate
species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as weapons and/or …

We review some recently published results on sex chromosomes in a diversity of species.
We focus on several fish and some plants whose sex chromosomes appear to be 'young', as …

The human X chromosome has a unique biology that was shaped by its evolution as the sex
chromosome shared by males and females. We have determined 99.3% of the euchromatic …

The human X and Y chromosomes evolved from an ordinary pair of autosomes, but millions
of years ago genetic decay ravaged the Y chromosome, and only three per cent of its …

Genomic analysis of many nonmodel species has uncovered an incredible diversity of sex
chromosome systems, making it possible to empirically test the rich body of evolutionary …

Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life. It is defined by the occurrence of meiosis
and the fusion of two gametes of different sexes or mating types. Sex-determination …

This review focuses on recent discoveries and delves in detail about what is known about
each of the proteins (amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin) and proteinases (matrix …

Summary Przewalski's horses (PHs, Equus ferus ssp. przewalskii) were discovered in the
Asian steppes in the 1870s and represent the last remaining true wild horses. PHs became …

Many diverse systems for sex determination have evolved in plants and animals,,. One
involves physically distinct (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes (X and Y, or Z and W) that are …

Nonrecombining Y chromosomes are expected to degenerate through the progressive
accumulation of deleterious mutations. In lower vertebrates, however, most species display …