Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …

Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12 and belongs to the alkaline earth element
(Group II) of the Periodic Table. The pure Mg is a silvery white metal and has a melting point …

Abstract The Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, which occurred about 51 to 53 million
years ago), was the warmest interval of the past 65 million years, with mean annual surface …

Since the early 1950s, the number of international measurement standards for anchoring
stable isotope delta scales has mushroomed from 3 to more than 30, expanding to more …

Abstract Theory and climate modelling suggest that the sensitivity of Earth's climate to
changes in radiative forcing could depend on the background climate. However …

Ocean acidification (OA) is considered an important threat to coral reef ecosystems, because
it reduces the availability of carbonate ions that reef-building corals need to produce their …

During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT; 1,200–800 kya), Earth's orbitally paced ice age
cycles intensified, lengthened from∼ 40,000 (∼ 40 ky) to∼ 100 ky, and became distinctly …

A global selection of 56 mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasses were analysed for Li and B
abundances and isotopic compositions. Analytical accuracy and precision of analyses …

The Piacenzian stage of the Pliocene (2.6 to 3.6 Ma) is the most recent past interval of
sustained global warmth with mean global temperatures markedly higher (by~ 2–3 C) than …

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ18O and δ13C values) and trace elements have been
applied to the study of diagenesis of carbonate rocks for over 50 years. As valuable as these …