Unprecedented advances have been made in cancer treatment with the use of immune
checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, responses are limited to a subset of patients, and …

Following the seminal discovery of insulin a century ago, treatment of individuals with type 1
diabetes (T1D) has been largely restricted to efforts to monitor and treat metabolic glucose …

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a notable complication of PD-1 cancer
immunotherapy. A better understanding of how these iatrogenic diseases compare with …

Summary Low-dose human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) treatment is used clinically to treat
autoimmune disorders due to the cytokine's preferential expansion of immunosuppressive …

The regulation of T cell response depends on co-inhibitory pathways that serve to control
immune-mediated tissue damage and resolve inflammation by modulating the magnitude …

Aims/hypothesis Immunomodulators blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
(CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD …

Self-reactive T cells experience chronic antigen exposure but do not exhibit signs of
exhaustion. Here, we investigated the mechanisms for sustained, functioning autoimmune …

Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death
ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have revolutionized cancer …

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease with onset from early childhood. The insulin-
producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The disease is …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed how we think about tumor management.
Combinations of anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy have become the …