Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Arctic amplification (AA) is a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean process. This
understanding has evolved from the early concept of AA, as a consequence of snow-ice line …

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is currently on a fast track toward seasonally ice-free conditions.
Although most attention has been on the accelerating summer sea ice decline, large …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Large freshwater anomalies clearly exist in the Arctic Ocean. For example, liquid freshwater
has accumulated in the Beaufort Gyre in the decade of the 2000s compared to 1980–2000 …

The sequence of extreme September sea ice extent minima over the past decade suggests
acceleration in the response of the Arctic sea ice cover to external forcing, hastening the …

The perennial ice area was drastically reduced to 38% of its climatological average in 2007
but recovered slightly in 2008, 2009, and 2010 with the areas being 10%, 24%, and 11 …

A new record low Arctic sea ice extent for the satellite era, 3.4× 106 km2, was reached on 13
September 2012; and a new record low sea ice area, 3.0× 106 km2, was reached on the …

This study uses an extensive dataset of monthly surface air temperature (SAT) records
(including previously unutilized) from high-latitude (> 60° N) meteorological land stations …

The loss of Arctic sea ice has emerged as a leading signal of global warming. This, together
with acknowledged impacts on other components of the Earth system, has led to the term …