The sustainability of life on Earth is under increasing threat due to human-induced climate
change. This perilous change in the Earth's climate is caused by increases in carbon dioxide …

We review the origin and evolution of the atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars from the
time when their accreting bodies were released from the protoplanetary disk a few million …

Identifying terrestrial planets in the habitable zones (HZs) of other stars is one of the primary
goals of ongoing radial velocity (RV) and transit exoplanet surveys and proposed future …

For more than four decades, scientists have been trying to find an answer to one of the most
fundamental questions in paleoclimatology, the “faint young Sun problem.” For the early …

Methanogens are considered as one of the earliest life forms on Earth, and together with
anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea, they have crucial effects on climate stability …

The antiquity and global abundance of the enzyme, RuBisCO, attests to the crucial and
longstanding role it has played in the biogeochemical cycles of Earth over billions of years …

Hundreds of ancient lake basins detected on Mars via orbital remote sensing represent rare
oases of hydrosphere–atmosphere–lithosphere interactions with great astrobiological …

Stellar evolution models predict that the solar luminosity was lower in the past, typically 20-
25% lower during the Archean (3.8-2.5 Ga). Despite the fainter Sun, there is strong evidence …

Different solutions have been proposed to solve the “faint young Sun problem,” defined by
the fact that the Earth was not fully frozen during the Archean despite the fainter Sun. Most …

Seventy-nine experiments have been carried out at 600–1400° C, 2–35 kbar, and oxygen
fugacities ranging from the Fe–FeO to the Re–ReO 2 buffer to investigate the nitrogen …