Cytosine DNA methylation is a stable epigenetic mark that is crucial for diverse biological
processes, including gene and transposon silencing, imprinting and X chromosome …

RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is the major small RNA-mediated epigenetic
pathway in plants. RdDM requires a specialized transcriptional machinery that comprises …

Plant cells accumulate small RNA molecules that regulate plant development, genome
stability, and environmental responses. These small RNAs fall into three major classes …

Mitochondria play key roles in activating apoptosis in mammalian cells. Bcl-2 family
members regulate the release of proteins from the space between the mitochondrial inner …

DNA methylation occurs in CG and non-CG sequence contexts. Non-CG methylation is
abundant in plants and is mediated by CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) and DOMAINS …

Regulatory small RNAs, which range in size from 20 to 24 nucleotides, are ubiquitous
components of endogenous plant transcriptomes, as well as common responses to …

Vascular plants appeared~ 410 million years ago, then diverged into several lineages of
which only two survive: the euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and the lycophytes. We …

Contents I. Introduction 295 II. Evolution of the Plant Vascular System 295 III. Phloem
Development & Differentiation 300 IV. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xylem Cell …

Small RNAs of 20–30 nucleotides guide regulatory processes at the DNA or RNA level in a
wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Many, although not all, small RNAs are processed from …

Small RNAs directly or indirectly impact nearly every biological process in eukaryotic cells.
To perform their myriad roles, not only must precise small RNA species be generated, but …