The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway is a multi-component pathway that
regulates the expression of hundreds of genes that are involved in diverse and key cellular …

Background: Remarkable progress has been made during the last decade in defining the
molecular mechanisms that underlie septic shock. This rapidly expanding field is leading to …

Background: The past several years have seen remarkable advances in understanding the
basic cellular and physiologic mechanisms underlying organ dysfunction and recovery …

Abstract Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK3 [IRAK-M], and
IRAK4) are serine-threonine kinases involved in toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 signaling …

In this paper, we hypothesize that X chromosome‐associated mechanisms, which affect X‐
linked genes and are behind the immunological advantage of females, may also affect X …

The innate immunity plays a critical role in host protection against pathogens and it relies
amongst others on pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and …

The Toll‐like receptor family was originally identified in Drosophila, where it provides
important developmental and immunological signalling. In mammals, the developmental …

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome defined by a systemic response to infection. With progression
to sepsis-associated organ failure (ie, severe sepsis) or hypotension (ie, septic shock) …

The word “sepsis” comes from the Greek word sepo meaning decay or putrefaction, and its
original usage described the decomposition of organic matter in a manner that resulted in …