We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

This paper outlines the current understanding of solar flares, mainly focused on
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes responsible for producing a flare. Observations …

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the largest-scale eruptive phenomenon in the solar
system, expanding from active region-sized nonpotential magnetic structure to a much larger …

As observed in Thomson-scattered white light, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are manifest
as large-scale expulsions of plasma magnetically driven from the corona in the most …

This review article summarizes the advancement in the studies of Earth-affecting solar
transients in the last decade that encompasses most of solar cycle 24. It is a part of the effort …

Context. The standard CSHKP model for eruptive flares is two-dimensional. Yet
observational interpretations of photospheric currents in pre-eruptive sigmoids, shear in post …

Magnetic fields play a fundamental role in the structure and dynamics of the solar corona. As
they are driven by their footpoint motions on the solar surface, which transport energy from …

Modes and manifestations of the explosive activity in the Earth's magnetotail, as well as its
onset mechanisms and key pre-onset conditions are reviewed. Two mechanisms for the …

Context. Solar flares strongly affect the Sun's atmosphere as well as the Earth's environment.
Quantifying the maximum possible energy of solar flares of the present-day Sun, if any, is …

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were discovered in the early 1970s when space-borne
coronagraphs revealed that eruptions of plasma are ejected from the Sun. Today, it is known …