Vegetation indices (VIs), which describe remotely sensed vegetation properties such as
photosynthetic activity and canopy structure, are widely used to study vegetation dynamics …

Agriculture provides humanity with food, fibers, fuel, and raw materials that are paramount
for human livelihood. Today, this role must be satisfied within a context of environmental …

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in Lahore and Faisalabad have intensified air
pollution issues, influencing nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) concentrations, land surface …

Understanding the intricate relationship between climate variables and the Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is essential for effective ecosystem management. This …

Estimation of the soil organic carbon (SOC) content is of utmost importance in understanding
the chemical, physical, and biological functions of the soil. This study proposes machine …

The present study is designed to monitor the spatio-temporal changes in forest cover using
Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information system (GIS) techniques from 1990 to …

Vegetation cover change is one of the key indicators used for monitoring environmental
quality. It can accurately reflect changes in hydrology, climate, and human activities …

The 2-band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) was developed as an alternative to the
enhanced vegetation index (EVI) for sensors that lack a blue band or for observing bright …

Vegetation phenology is considered an important biological indicator in understanding the
behaviour of ecosystems and how it responds to environmental cues. Changes in vegetation …

To understand the variation and patterns of vegetation coverage in the Yellow River Basin,
as well as to promote regional ecological protection and maintain ecological construction …