Efforts to curtail the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) have led to the
unprecedented concurrent confinement of nearly two-thirds of the global population. The …

Striving to feed a population set to reach almost 10 billion people by 2050 in a sustainable
way is high on the research and policy agendas. Further intensification and expansion of …

Effective policies to halt biodiversity loss require knowing which anthropogenic drivers are
the most important direct causes. Whereas previous knowledge has been limited in scope …

Owing to a long history of anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are among the
most vulnerable to biodiversity loss. Mitigation measures, including wastewater treatment …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Studies have reported widespread declines in terrestrial insect abundances in recent years,,–
, but trends in other biodiversity metrics are less clear-cut,–. Here we examined long-term …

Recent case studies showing substantial declines of insect abundances have raised alarm,
but how widespread such patterns are remains unclear. We compiled data from 166 long …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Global vegetation over the past 18,000 years has been transformed first by the climate
changes that accompanied the last deglaciation and again by increasing human pressures; …

It is commonly thought that the biodiversity crisis includes widespread declines in the spatial
variation of species composition, called biotic homogenization. Using a typology relating …