Many species of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) are important in
fisheries and aquaculture, whilst others are critical to ecosystem structure and function …

Despite progress in the past decade, researchers struggle to evaluate the hypothesis that
environmental conditions compromise immunity and facilitate new disease outbreaks. In this …

Bivalves are comprised of animals unclosed in two shell valves, such as mussels, oysters,
scallops and clams. There are about 7,500 bivalve species and some of them are of …

Hemocytes are the immune effectors in clams, directing cellular but also humoral defences.
In the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) and the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes …

This review assesses and examines the work conducted to date concerning host and
parasite interactions between marine bivalve molluscs and protozoan parasites, belonging …

Background C-type lectins are a superfamily of Ca2+ dependent carbohydrate-recognition
proteins that play significant diverse roles in nonself-recognition and clearance of invaders …

Environmental chemico-physical factors, pathogens, and biological interactions constantly
affect organism physiology and behavior. Invertebrates, including bivalve mollusks do not …

Background The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is a worldwide cultured bivalve
species with important commercial value. Diseases affecting this species can result in large …

The oceans harbor a great diversity of organisms, and have been recognized as an
important source of new compounds with nutritional and therapeutic potential. Among these …

Encyclopedia of Immunobiology, Five Volume Set provides the largest integrated source of
immunological knowledge currently available. It consists of broad ranging, validated …