Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a condition that occurs due to various reasons, is an
important cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It has been defined as a rate of …

In this first paper in a series of four papers on midwifery, we aimed to examine,
comprehensively and systematically, the contribution midwifery can make to the quality of …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as the failure of the fetus to meet its growth potential
due to a pathological factor, most commonly placental dysfunction. Worldwide, FGR is a …

Adolescent growth and social development shape the early development of offspring from
preconception through to the post-partum period through distinct processes in males and …

A common approach to evaluating robustness to omitted variable bias is to observe
coefficient movements after inclusion of controls. This is informative only if selection on …

Background Smoking is the leading preventable cause of illness and premature death
worldwide. Some medications have been proven to help people to quit, with three licensed …

Smoking prevalence is higher among disadvantaged groups, and disadvantaged smokers
may face higher exposure to tobacco's harms. Uptake may also be higher among those with …

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major and silent cause of various morbidity and
mortality for the fetal and neonatal population. It is defined as a rate of fetal growth that is …

Background Stillbirth rates in high-income countries have shown little or no improvement
over the past two decades. Prevention strategies that target risk factors could be important in …

Background Tobacco smoking remains one of the few preventable factors associated with
complications in pregnancy, and has serious long‐term implications for women and babies …