Venoms are one of the most convergent of animal traits known, and encompass a much
greater taxonomic and functional diversity than is commonly appreciated. This knowledge …

Simple Summary Pain is an unpleasant emotional state that produces behavioural changes
to minimize future tissue damage and promote recovery and survival. These behavioural …

Despite the fact that venom is an intrinsically ecological trait, the ecological perspective has
been widely neglected in toxinological research. This neglect has hindered our …

Venoms are best known for their ability to incapacitate prey. In predatory groups, venom
potency is predicted to reflect ecological and evolutionary drivers relating to diet. While …

Context In recent years, the Noble false widow spider Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) has
expanded its range globally and may represent a potential threat to native ecosystems and …

Background In cnidarians, antagonistic interactions with predators and prey are mediated by
their venom, whose synthesis may be metabolically expensive. The potentially high cost of …

Difficult drug targets are becoming the normal course of business in drug discovery,
sometimes due to large interacting surfaces or only small differences in selectivity regions …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Scorpion sting is a public health concern with limited
clinical symptomatic treatment. The clinical treatment uses anti-scorpion antivenom and …

Animal venoms are a rich and complex source of components, including peptides (such as
neurotoxins, anionic peptides and hypotensins), lipids, proteins (such as proteases …

We report a novel hybrid, molecular and elemental mass spectrometry (MS) setup for the
absolute quantification of snake venom proteomes shown here for two desert black cobra …