In the long-term, with progression of the illness, Parkinson's disease dementia affects up to
90% of patients with Parkinson's disease. With increasing life expectancy in western …

Brain dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in cognitive control processes, including
working memory. However, the precise role of DA in cognition is not well-understood, partly …

We propose a Survival Optimization System (SOS) to account for the strategies that humans
and other animals use to defend against recurring and novel threats. The SOS attempts to …

Executive dysfunction can be present from the early stages of P arkinson's disease (PD). It is
characterized by deficits in internal control of attention, set shifting, planning, inhibitory …

Tremor in Parkinson's disease has several mysterious features. Clinically, tremor is seen in
only three out of four patients with Parkinson's disease, and tremor-dominant patients …

A dopaminergic deficiency in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) causes abnormalities of
movement, behaviour, learning, and emotions. The main motor features (ie, tremor, rigidity …

The traditional view that the basal ganglia and cerebellum are simply involved in the control
of movement has been challenged in recent years. One of the pivotal reasons for this …

The basal ganglia as a whole are broadly responsible for sensorimotor coordination,
including response selection and initiation. However, it has become increasingly clear that …

The frontal cortex and the basal ganglia interact via a relatively well understood and
elaborate system of interconnections. In the context of motor function, these interconnections …

It is well recognised that patients with Parkinson's disease exhibit cognitive deficits, even in
the earliest disease stages. Whereas, l-DOPA therapy in early Parkinson's disease is …