Electrical stimulation of nerve tissue and recording of neural electrical activity are the basis
of emerging prostheses and treatments for spinal cord injury, stroke, sensory deficits, and …

The main objective of this paper is to develop closed-loop therapeutic systems by reviewing
various neurological disorders. We propose a system that incorporates a biosensor …

Cognitive functions rely on the coordinated activity of neurons in many brain regions, but the
interactions between cortical areas are not yet well understood. Here we investigated …

Why are some visual stimuli consciously detected, whereas others remain subliminal? We
investigated the fate of weak visual stimuli in the visual and frontal cortex of awake monkeys …

Human cortical organoids, three-dimensional neuronal cultures, are emerging as powerful
tools to study brain development and dysfunction. However, whether organoids can …

How do the emotions of others affect us? The human anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
responds while experiencing pain in the self and witnessing pain in others, but the …

Advances in techniques for recording large-scale brain activity contribute to both the
elucidation of neurophysiological principles and the development of brain-machine …

Neuronal activity in early visual cortex depends on attention shifts but the contribution to
working memory has remained unclear. Here, we examine neuronal activity in the different …

Determining the degree of synapse formation and elimination is essential for understanding
the structural basis of brain plasticity and pathology. We show that in vivo imaging of …

There has been growing interest in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-
invasive technique purported to modulate neural activity via weak, externally applied electric …