Nectar, the main floral reward for pollinators, varies greatly in composition and
concentration. The assumption that nectar quality is equivalent to its sugar (energy) …

Plants being sessile entities are often subjected to varied environmental stresses. They have
developed an alternative defense mechanism that involves a vast variety of secondary …

Honey bees feed on floral nectar and pollen that they store in their colonies as honey and
bee bread. Social division of labor enables the collection of stores of food that are consumed …

The impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on insect pollinators is highly controversial.
Sublethal concentrations alter the behaviour of social bees and reduce survival of entire …

The ecological function of secondary metabolites in plant defence against herbivores is well
established, but their role in plant–pollinator interactions is less obvious. Nectar is the major …

Plants attract mutualistic animals by offering a reward of nectar. Specifically, floral nectar
(FN) is produced to attract pollinators, whereas extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates indirect …

Floral chemistry mediates plant interactions with pollinators, pathogens, and herbivores, with
major consequences for fitness of both plants and flower visitors. The outcome of such …

The widespread use of glyphosate-based formulations to eliminate unwanted vegetation
has increased concerns regarding their effects on non-target organisms, such as honey …

While foraging for nectar and pollen, bees are exposed to a myriad of xenobiotics, including
plant metabolites, which may exert a wide range of effects on their health. Although the bee …

The plant kingdom produces an extraordinary diversity of secondary metabolites and the
majority of the literature supports a defensive ecological role for them, particularly against …