The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

Gonadal hormones play a key role in the establishment, activation, and regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By influencing the response and sensitivity to …

Brain diseases, including neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric
diseases, have posed a deleterious threat to human health and brought a great burden to …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

The hypothalamus contains the highest diversity of neurons in the brain. Many of these
neurons can co-release neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in a use-dependent manner …

Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide elaborated by the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and
supraoptic (SON) nuclei. Magnocellular OT neurons of these nuclei innervate numerous …

Neuropeptides are found in many mammalian CNS neurons where they play key roles in
modulating neuronal activity. In contrast to amino acid transmitter release at the synapse …

The survival and well-being of all species requires appropriate physiological responses to
environmental and homeostatic challenges. The re-establishment and maintenance of …

Emotions seem to arise ultimately from hard-wired neural circuits in the visceral-limbic brain
that facilitate diverse and adaptive behavioral and physiological responses to major classes …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …