Bird migrations are impressive behavioral phenomena, representing complex
spatiotemporal strategies to balance costs of living while maximizing fitness. The field of bird …

Integrating biomechanics, behavior and ecology requires a mechanistic understanding of
the processes producing the movement of animals. This calls for contemporaneous …

The metabolic costs of animal movement have been studied extensively under laboratory
conditions, although frequently these are a poor approximation of the costs of operating in …

The extraordinary adaptations of birds to contend with atmospheric conditions during their
migratory flights have captivated ecologists for decades. During the 21st century …

Annual migratory movements can range from a few tens to thousands of kilometers, creating
unique energetic requirements for each specific species and journey. Even within the same …

Ecology Letters (2011) Abstract Soaring birds migrate in massive numbers worldwide.
These migrations are complex and dynamic phenomena, strongly influenced by …

Due to the potentially detrimental consequences of low performance in basic functional
tasks, individuals are expected to improve performance with age and show the most marked …

Measuring the costs of soaring, gliding and flap** flight in raptors is challenging, but
essential for understanding their ecology. Among raptors, vultures are scavengers that have …

Long-distance migratory birds are often considered extreme athletes, possessing a range of
traits that approach the physiological limits of vertebrate design. In addition, their movements …

Thus far, ecophysiology research has predominantly been conducted within controlled
laboratory-based environments, owing to a mismatch between the recording technologies …