Aim. Neuropathic pain affects 7–10% of the population, with most of the patients receiving
inadequate and incomplete treatment. Owing to the high financial burden and the poor …

The brain–computer interface (BCI) is one of the most powerful tools in neuroscience and
generally includes a recording system, a processor system, and a stimulation system …

Channelrhodopsins with red-shifted absorption, rare in nature, are highly desired for
optogenetics because light of longer wavelengths more deeply penetrates biological tissue …

Optogenetics provide a potential alternative approach to the treatment of chronic pain, in
which complex pathology often hampers efficacy of standard pharmacological approaches …

Pain afflicts billions of people worldwide, who suffer especially from long-term chronic pain.
This gruelling condition affects the nervous system at all levels: from the brain to the spinal …

Light plays an important role in all kingdoms of life and regulates processes such as plant
growth, flowering or vision in complex life forms. The growing field of optogenetics …

Future Directions for Neurourological Research Page 1 www.einj.org Copyright © 2020
Korean Continence Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the …