Freeze-out of the gas-phase elements onto cold grains in dense interstellar and
circumstellar media builds up ice mantles consisting of molecules that are mostly formed in …

Cometary nuclei contain the least modified material from the formative epoch of our
planetary system, and their compositions reflect a range of processes experienced by …

Icy grain mantles are the main reservoir of the volatile elements that link chemical processes
in dark, interstellar clouds with the formation of planets and the composition of their …

To date, 204 individual molecular species, comprised of 16 different elements, have been
detected in the interstellar and circumstellar medium by astronomical observations. These …

Samples from the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu provide information on the
chemical evolution of organic molecules in the early solar system. Here we show the …

To date, 241 individual molecular species, composed of 19 different elements, have been
detected in the interstellar and circumstellar medium by astronomical observations. These …

Attraction between the atoms of a Bose–Einstein condensate renders it unstable to collapse,
although a condensate with a limited number of atoms can be stabilized by confinement in …

The interstellar medium of galaxies is the reservoir out of which stars are born and into
which stars inject newly created elements as they age. The physical properties of the …

▪ Abstract Our understanding of the evolution of organic molecules, and their voyage from
molecular clouds to the early solar system and Earth, has changed dramatically …

ABSTRACT We present 2.5–30 μ m spectra from the Short-Wavelength Spectrometer of the
Infrared Space Observatory for a total of 23 sources. The sources include embedded young …