A survey on encrypted network traffic: A comprehensive survey of identification/classification techniques, challenges, and future directions

A Sharma, AH Lashkari - Computer Networks, 2024‏ - Elsevier
Encrypted traffic detection and classification is a critical domain in network security,
increasingly essential in an era of pervasive encryption. This survey paper delves into …

GateKeeper: An UltraLite malicious traffic identification method with dual-aspect optimization strategies on IoT gateways

J Cao, Y Xu, E Yu, Q **ang, K Song, L He, G Cheng - Computer Networks, 2024‏ - Elsevier
Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) landscape is booming, and a wide range of IoT
endpoints has been integrated into various aspects of life, opening opportunities for …

Fast and accurate multi-task learning for encrypted network traffic classification

JT Park, CY Shin, UJ Baek, MS Kim - Applied Sciences, 2024‏ - mdpi.com
The classification of encrypted traffic plays a crucial role in network management and
security. As encrypted network traffic becomes increasingly complicated and challenging to …

An adaptive classification and updating method for unknown network traffic in open environments

S Le, Y Lai, Y Wang, H He - Computer Networks, 2024‏ - Elsevier
In recent years, to address the classification problem of unknown traffic in open network
environments, numerous deep learning (DL)-based classification techniques have been …

Early Traffic Classification with Encrypted ClientHello: a Multi-Country Study

D Shamsimukhametov, A Kurapov… - IEEE …, 2024‏ - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Quality of service provisioning in modern networks requires traffic to be classified as quickly
as possible according to its requirements and service type. However, traffic classification …

Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Networks optimized by elite strategy dung beetle optimization algorithm for encrypted traffic classification

Q Peng, X Fu, F Lin, X Zhu, J Ning, F Li - Expert Systems with Applications, 2025‏ - Elsevier
The rapid development of the Internet has resulted in a wide range of traffic types. Encrypted
traffic was once considered the most secure option for online browsing and conducting …

ServeFlow: A Fast-Slow Model Architecture for Network Traffic Analysis

S Liu, T Shaowang, G Wan, J Chae, J Marques… - arxiv preprint arxiv …, 2024‏ - arxiv.org
Network traffic analysis increasingly uses complex machine learning models as the internet
consolidates and traffic gets more encrypted. However, over high-bandwidth networks, flows …

[HTML][HTML] eXO: A commons-based community network Internet Service Provider, description and subscribers usage patterns

R Baig, L Cerdà-Alabern, P Vílchez, E Foglia - Computer Networks, 2024‏ - Elsevier
Abstract The advent of Wi-Fi in the 1990s stimulated the creation of Community networks
(CNs), a new networking paradigm deployed and maintained by their users. The non-profit …

VPN-Encrypted Network Traffic Classification Using a Time-Series Approach

J Kotak, I Yankelev, I Bibi, Y Elovici… - IEEE Transactions on …, 2025‏ - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Network traffic classification provides value to organizations and Internet service providers
(ISPs). The identification of applications or services from network traffic enables …

Online network traffic classification based on external attention and convolution by IP packet header

Y Hu, Z Zeng, J Song, L Xu, X Zhou - Computer Networks, 2024‏ - Elsevier
Network traffic classification is an important part of network monitoring and network
management. Three traditional methods for network traffic classification are flow-based …