Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from
neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time …

Unexpected events are part of everyday experience. They come in several varieties—action
errors, unexpected action outcomes, and unexpected perceptual events—and they lead to …

Most reward-related electroencephalogram (EEG) studies focus exclusively on the feedback-
related negativity (FRN, also known as feedback negativity or FN, medial-frontal negativity or …

From the noisy information bombarding our senses, our brains must construct percepts that
are veridical–reflecting the true state of the world–and informative–conveying what we did …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC), a cortical region that was once thought to be functionally
insignificant, is now known to play an essential role in the organization and control of goal …

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

Response inhibition paradigms, as for example stop signal and go/no-go tasks, are often
used to study cognitive control processes. Because of the apparent demand to stop a motor …

Because context has a robust influence on the processing of subsequent words, the idea
that readers and listeners predict upcoming words has attracted research attention, but …

Reinforcement learning (RL) uses sequential experience with situations (" states") and
outcomes to assess actions. Whereas model-free RL uses this experience directly, in the …

An essential guide to designing, conducting, and analyzing event-related potential (ERP)
experiments, completely updated for this edition. The event-related potential (ERP) …