Parkinson disease (PD) treatment options have conventionally focused on dopamine
replacement and provision of symptomatic relief. Current treatments cause undesirable …

High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-HFS) is the
preferred surgical treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. In the 15 years since its …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established procedure for the symptomatic treatment of
Parkinson's disease. Several deep brain nuclei have been stimulated, producing a wide …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown remarkable therapeutic benefits for patients with
otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders. This technique is not only …

Pedunculopontine nucleus region deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising but
experimental therapy for axial motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly gait …

Axial motor signs—including gait impairment, postural instability and postural abnormalities—
are common and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson disease …

The motor signs of Parkinson's disease are thought to result in large part from a reduction of
the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Over the last few years, many of the functional …

Background Progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by motor deficits
which eventually respond less to dopaminergic therapy and thus pose a therapeutic …

Postural instability is one of the cardinal signs in Parkinson's disease (PD). It can be present
even at diagnosis, but becomes more prevalent and worsens with disease progression. It …

Gait disorders and postural instability, which are commonly observed in elderly patients with
Parkinson disease (PD), respond poorly to dopaminergic agents used to treat other …