Human development has ushered in an era of converging crises: climate change, ecological
destruction, disease, pollution, and socioeconomic inequality. This review synthesizes the …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Abstract The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean warming in the twenty-first century to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to promote further efforts to limit …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

Thwaites Glacier represents 15% of the ice discharge from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and
influences a wider catchment,–. Because it is grounded below sea level,, Thwaites Glacier is …

The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over past decades through the accelerated
flow of its glaciers, conditioned by ocean temperature and bed topography. Glaciers …

Abstract An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-
industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of …

Warm water from the Southern Ocean has a dominant impact on the evolution of Antarctic
glaciers and in turn on their contribution to sea level rise. Using a continuous time series of …