Dying mammalian cells emit numerous signals that interact with the host to dictate the
immunological correlates of cellular stress and death. In the absence of reactive antigenic …

Myeloid cells are pivotal within the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. The
accumulation of tumour-modified myeloid cells derived from monocytes or neutrophils …

Cancer development is closely associated with immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment (TME) that attenuates antitumor immune responses and promotes tumor …

The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common high-grade primary malignant brain tumor with an
extremely poor prognosis. Given the poor survival with currently approved treatments for …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogenic population of immature
myeloid cells with immunosuppressive effects, which undergo massive expansion during …

Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and
produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new …

Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has greatly improved
the clinical efficacy of malignant tumor therapy. ICI-mediated antitumor responses depend …

Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

According to the widely accepted" three Es" model, the host immune system eliminates
malignant cell precursors and contains microscopic neoplasms in a dynamic equilibrium …