The mammary gland is a compound, branched tubuloalveolar structure and a major
characteristic of mammals. The mammary gland has evolved from epidermal apocrine …

The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its
epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by …

Accumulating data suggest that metastatic dissemination often occurs early during tumour
formation, but the mechanisms of early metastatic spread have not yet been addressed …

The mammary epithelium is highly responsive to local and systemic signals, which
orchestrate morphogenesis of the ductal tree during puberty and pregnancy. Based on …

Progesterone receptor (PR) mediates the actions of the ovarian steroid progesterone, which
together with estradiol regulates gonadotropin secretion, prepares the endometrium for …

Basal-like breast cancers arising in women carrying mutations in the BRCA1 gene,
encoding the tumor suppressor protein BRCA1, are thought to develop from the mammary …

BACKGROUND. Triple‐negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor‐negative, progesterone
receptor‐negative, and HER2‐negative) is a high risk breast cancer that lacks the benefit of …

Cells with distinct phenotypes including stem-cell-like properties have been proposed to
exist in normal human mammary epithelium and breast carcinomas, but their detailed …

Breast cancer is not a single disease, but rather is composed of distinct subtypes associated
with different clinical outcomes. Understanding this heterogeneity is key for the development …

Triple-negative breast cancers are defined by a lack of expression of oestrogen,
progesterone, and ERBB2 receptors. This subgroup accounts for 15% of all types of breast …