The article investigates incumbent exit rates of women and men parliamentarians in the
national chambers and European Parliament delegations of eight West European countries …

We theorize that people with high Public Service Motivation (PSM) are especially prone to
engage in prosocial rule-breaking (PSRB) behavior, which ultimately leads to discriminatory …

Immigrants and other minorities are underrepresented in politics in most Western
democracies. We argue that strategically acting party gatekeepers who update their …

This article offers an innovative way of understanding gender balance in parliaments.
Motivated by research documenting how newcomers are disadvantaged during their first …

Less educated citizens are both descriptively and substantively outnumbered by higher
educated citizens in political and societal institutions. While social science has devoted …

There is a long tradition of studying political and administrative elites from an individual,
micro-level perspective in political science. Ministers (Blondel and Thiébault 1991; Dowding …

Young people are three times more present in the population than in elected assemblies.
Their critical underrepresentation has so far received much less scholarly attention than …

Homophily—the preference for people similar in their characteristics—is a strong
determinant of many types of human relationships. It affects, for example, whom we marry …

Female incumbents quit political life more readily than male incumbents (Lawless and
Theriault in Legisl Stud Q 30: 581–596, 2005; Vanlangenakker in Politics Gender 9: 61–75 …

Although many international studies might credit Scandinavian countries for their good
practices in promoting gender equality in politics, Belgium undoubtedly features as a close …