A flame emits energy over a wide spectral region, providing important information about the
combustion process. Its associated spectra, classified into continuous and discontinuous …

Despite the widespread and extended use of sensor systems in different industries, there is
an important gap to reach equivalent conditions in pyrometallurgical processes for primary …

Sensors and process control systems are essential for process automation and optimization.
Many sectors have adapted to the Industry 4.0 paradigm, but copper smelters remain …

The combustion behavior of the complex, ever-changing Cu concentrate with SiO 2 flux in a
flash smelting shaft should be comprehensively understood to improve the efficiency and …

A new suspended-combustion-test method involving high-speed digital microscopy and
thermal measurements was developed to analyze small tablets of CuS, FeS, and CuFeS 2 to …

The energy emitted by a flame and its spectra provide critical information about fuels, such
as energy type, temperature, and molecular properties. While traditionally used to analyze …

In this research, the spectral detection of copper oxide is reported from different combustion
tests of chalcopyrite particles and copper concentrates. Combustion experiments were …

Promoting the interfacial reaction between iron oxide (FeO x) particles generated from
concentrate and silica-flux in the reaction shaft is essential to make the slag with good …

The development of real-time monitoring sensors for pyro-metallurgical processes is an
analytical challenge, mainly due to adverse environmental conditions, high spectral …

When laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used in online equivalence ratio
measurements, the spatial–temporal temperature gradient would lead to significantly varied …