Autoimmune diseases are the third most common disease influencing the quality of life of
many patients. Here, a programmed cell death‐ligand 1+(PD‐L1) mesenchymal stem cell …

Monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Mφ) play important roles in the function of tissues,
organs, and systems of all animals during homeostasis, infection, injury, and disease. For …

In recent years, cell therapy has come to play an important therapeutic role in oral diseases.
This paper reviews the active role of mesenchymal stem cells, immune cell sources, and …

Cellular sodium ion (Na+) homeostasis is integral to organism physiology. Our current
understanding of Na+ homeostasis is largely limited to Na+ transport at the plasma …

Objectives This study investigated whether exosomes from LPS pretreated bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells (LPS pre-MSCs) could prolong skin graft survival. Methods The …

Advances in the development of therapeutic extracellular vesicles (EVs) for cancer
immunotherapy have allowed them to emerge as an alternative to cell therapy. In this proof …

Polarization of low-grade inflammatory monocytes facilitates the pathogenesis of
atherosclerosis. However, underlying mechanisms as well as approaches for resolving …

Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME)
and have multiple important functions in cancer. During tumor growth, both tissue-resident …

Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 persists in cells, including macrophages, which
is an obstacle to cure. However, the precise role of macrophages in HIV-1 infection remains …

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the
CF Transmembrane-conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. The most severe pathologies of …