Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

There are 3 common physiological estrogens, of which estradiol (E2) is seen to decline
rapidly over the menopausal transition. This decline in E2 has been associated with a …

Gender differences in schizophrenia have been extensively researched and it is being
increasingly accepted that gonadal steroids are strongly attributed to this phenomenon. Of …

BACKGROUND: Fear extinction is a laboratory model of fear inhibition and is the basis of
exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Emerging evidence from naturally cycling female …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …

From its origins in how the brain controls the endocrine system via the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland, neuroendocrinology has evolved into a science that now includes hormone …

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in
clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex …