The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent
components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final …

Life-threatening infectious diseases are on their way to cause a worldwide crisis, as treating
them effectively is becoming increasingly difficult due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant …

The highly conserved histones in different species seem to represent a very ancient and
universal innate host defense system against microorganisms in the biological world …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found widely distributed through Nature, and participate
in the innate host defense of each species. Fish are a great source of these peptides, as they …

Posttranslational modifications, such as the deimination of arginine to citrulline by peptidyl
arginine deiminase (PAD4), change protein structure and function. For autoantigens …

While the field of epigenetics is increasingly recognized to contribute to the emergence of
phenotypes in mammalian research models across different developmental and …

All eukaryotic organisms, single-celled or multi-cellular, produce a diverse array of natural
anti-infective agents that, in addition to conventional antimicrobial peptides, also include …

Fish are always in intimate contact with their environment; therefore they are permanently
exposed to very vary external hazards (eg aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, viruses …

The release of extracellular traps (ETs) is a recently described mechanism of innate immune
response to infection. Although ETs have been intensely investigated in the context of …

Histones are known for their ability to bind to and regulate expression of DNA. However,
histones are also present in cytoplasm and extracellular fluids where they serve host …