Primate individuals use a variety of strategies in intergroup encounters, from aggression to
tolerance; however, recent focus on the evolution of either warfare or peace has come at the …

The origins of warfare have long been of interest for researchers across disciplines. Did our
earliest ancestors engage in forms of organized violence that are appropriately viewed as …

Evolutionary anthropologists seek to understand the evolution of warfare across multiple
timescales, from the roots of warfare in the intergroup aggression of our primate ancestors …

Body size is a key determinant of male fighting ability and reproductive success in many
animal species, but relationships between these variables have only rarely been examined …

Collective conflicts among humans are widespread, although often highly destructive. A
classic explanation for the prevalence of such warfare in some human societies is …

A focus of socioecological research is to understand how ecological, social, and life history
factors influence the variability of social organization within and between species. The …

Highlights•We examine female and male participation in intergroup encounters in a wild
primate.•Low participation in large groups, perhaps indicative of load lightening.•Females …

Although many animals typically defend key resources from conspecifics during encounters,
tolerant encounters also occur frequently in some primate species. For example, African …

Many animals engage in aggression, but chimpanzees stand out in terms of fatal attacks
against adults of their own species. Most lethal aggression occurs between groups, where …

Intergroup competition is a widespread phenomenon across taxa and groups typically
compete over access to limited resources, such as food and mates. Such competition may …