Early reviews identified over 20 risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD)
including age, familial inheritance, exposure to aluminium, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and …

Many agents developed for neuroprotective treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) have
shown great promise in the laboratory, but none have translated to positive results in …

The mechanism of cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral small vessel disease
(CSVD) remains unknown. The glymphatic system dysfunction, which has been …

Background Accumulating epidemiological studies have demonstrated that smoking caused
damage to human health. However, these studies almost focused on the individual smoking …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common, severe neurological disease that affects millions of
people worldwide. Nevertheless, the actual cause of MS remains unknown. Smoking has …

Background Both active and passive tobacco smoke (TS) potentially impair the vascular
endothelial function in a causative and dose-dependent manner, largely related to the …

Background and Purpose—Smoking is an established risk factor for stroke; however, it is
uncertain whether prestroke smoking status affects clinical outcomes of acute ischemic …

Background: The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the appearance of
intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies in which its principal component is α …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central
nervous system wherein, after an initial phase of transient neurological defects, slow …

Age-related cognitive decline is a global phenomenon that affects individuals worldwide.
The course and extent of this decline are influenced by numerous factors, such as genetics …