Carbon dioxide (CO2) excretion and acid–base regulation in fish are linked, as in other
animals, though the reversible reactions of CO2 and the acid–base equivalents H+ and …

Adjustments of ventilation in fishes to regulate the volume of water flowing over the gills are
critically important responses to match branchial gas transfer with metabolic needs and to …

THE EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGIES THAT SHAPE ECOSYSTEMS In 1837 a young Charles
Darwin took his notebook, wrote “I think”, and then sketched a rudimentary, stick-like tree …

The location (gills, oro-branchial cavity or elsewhere) and orientation (external (water) or
internal (blood) sensing) of the receptors involved in reflex changes in each of the different …

Adult zebrafish exhibit hyperventilatory responses to absolute environmental CO2 levels as
low as 0.13%(mmHg), more than an order of magnitude lower than the typical arterial levels …

The goals of this study were to assess the respiratory consequences of exposing adult
zebrafish Danio rerio to chronic changes in water gas composition (hypoxia, hyperoxia or …

The present study evaluated the biofloc system (BFT) for rearing of tambaqui (Colossoma
macropomum) at different densities. Juveniles of 23.74±0.22 g were randomly distributed …

The total rate of N-waste excretion (MN) in juvenile tambaqui living in ion-poor Amazonian
water comprised 85% ammonia-N (M Amm-N) and 15% urea-N (M Urea-N). Both occurred …

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible reactions of
carbon dioxide and water: CO 2+ H 2 O↔ H++ HCO 3−. It has long been recognized that CA …

Elevated CO 2 in aquatic environments causes weak acidification. When exposed to weak
acidification, regardless of life stage, most fishes undergo some degree of hypercapnia …