Purpose of review Forests are frequently exposed to natural disturbances, which are likely to
increase with global change, and may jeopardize the delivery of ecosystem services. Mixed …

Central European temperate oak woodlands are highly valued for their rich biodiversity.
They are also of great economic importance and forest management aims to produce high …

The field of plant population ecology has advanced considerably in the last decade since
the first edition was published. In particular there have been substantial and ongoing …

Context Intensification and specialisation of agriculture and forest use has led to profound
structural and compositional changes in European landscapes. In particular, sharp, narrow …

Heavy browsing pressure from large ungulates is a multicontinent phenomenon that causes
regeneration failure of many palatable tree species and induces important socioeconomic …

Abstract Background and Aims Anthropogenic disturbances are causing a co-occurring
increase in biotic (ungulate herbivory) and abiotic (drought) stressors, threatening plant …

Large herbivores play a key role in terrestrial ecosystems, and their populations alter the
plant composition in many ecosystems. One example is deer, whose populations in the …

Temperate forests with high values for biological conservation, including old-growth and mid-
aged (> 50 years) semi-natural forests, cover large areas. Many of the forests are protected …

Forest management has a major impact on the understorey vegetation, with the intensity and
type of the applied silvicultural treatments driving variable vegetation responses. We …

The scale of opportunity to implement forest restoration exceeds billions of ha worldwide,
and a part of this area in northern temperate regions includes formerly oak (Quercus spp.) …