This is a review of the research during the past 25years on cortical processing of color
signals. At the beginning of the period the modular view of cortical processing …

Color processing begins with the absorption of light by cone photoreceptors, and progresses
through a series of hierarchical stages: Retinal signals carrying color information are …

Previous studies support the textbook model that shape and color are extracted by distinct
neurons in primate primary visual cortex (V1). However, rigorous testing of this model …

Imaging studies are consistent with the existence of brain regions specialized for color, but
electrophysiological studies have produced conflicting results. Here we address the neural …

In nonhuman primates (NHPs), secondary visual cortex (V2) is composed of repeating
columnar stripes, which are evident in histological variations of cytochrome oxidase (CO) …

Neuroimaging research over the past decade has revealed a detailed picture of the
functional organization of the human brain. Here we focus on two fundamental questions …

Visual area V4 in the macaque monkey is a cortical area that is strongly involved in color
and shape perception. However, fundamental questions about V4 are still debated. V4 was …

Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is an alternative neurostimulation modality that uses pulsed
infrared light to evoke spatially precise neural activity that does not require direct contact …

Color has become a premier model system for understanding how information is processed
by neural circuits, and for investigating the relationships among genes, neural circuits, and …

The cerebral cortex of primates encompasses multiple anatomically and physiologically
distinct areas processing visual information. Areas V1, V2, and V5/MT are conserved across …